We use cookies to give you the best experience possible, hundred years war essay. After that the people of France, the townspeople and peasants, decided to defend themselves. The second phase lasted from when Henry V became king, and the third phase lasted from The war shifted to Brittany in with hundred years war essay death of the French duke. The war began with the French invading Aquitaine in The English army numbered less, but at the same time was better organized.
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In battles fought from to primarily by England and France for control of Hundred years war essay and the French Crown, England initially had the upper hand, but in the French, inspired by Joan of Arc, regained all areas of France that they had lost except for Calais. Through several wars, the French had slowly been regaining control of these lands. Militarily the English longbow proved especially devastating to the French and led to the English victories at Crécy and Agincourt. The English believed that they were secure in their victory but found the tables turned on them in by Joan of Arc. The French were able to retake much of the land the English had captured up to that point in the war.
The Burgundians switched sides, joining the French, and the English found themselves pushed back even more. The English would continue to send armies to France and were, at times, able to retake lost territory; the war had definitely turned against them. The final years of the war saw the English lose all their territory in France except Calais. In England hundred years war essay English king was sovereign, yet in France he was a vassal of the French king and accountable to the French king. This accountability was used, hundred years war essay, usually on trumped up charges, by the French kings to try to take land away from the English, hundred years war essay. The French did this in and hundred years war essay the English king did not show up at the French court to answer charges brought against him, the French king declared his lands to be confiscated and war followed.
During the war which lasted untilthe French conquered Normandy, Maine, and Anjou from the English. With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in the English had been reduced to control of just Aquitaine. The English king also reconfirmed his status as a vassal of the French king with respect hundred years war essay his lands in France. The French trumped up charges again in against Edward I and again declared his lands confiscated and launched an invasion of those lands. The war lasted until This war also saw the Scots allied with the French against the English in A new peace treaty, the Treaty of Paris, was signed, returning the lands lost by the English during the war to them. Isabella, the daughter of the French king Philip IV, was married to the English heir, Edward II, hundred years war essay.
In the French again provoked the English and summoned the Hundred years war essay king to the French court. When the king did not show up, the French again declared the province of Aquitaine confiscated from the English and the two countries went to war again. Returning to England inQueen Isabella had Edward II deposed and Edward III, only 14 years old, hundred years war essay, crowned king. With such a young king, the English ended up agreeing to a peace treaty that favored the French, allowing them to keep the land they had conquered. In the English were forced to make peace with the Scots and Charles IV, third son of Philip IV, died. Succession ended up going to the cousin of Charles IV, Philip of Valois.
While neither Edward nor his mother made any claim to the French throne at this time, Edward had himself crowned king of France in In French law, Edward had no claim to the Crown since French law did not recognize any claim by a female, or her offspring, to the throne of France. However, being an ally of the Scots, Philip had an interest in what was happening there and tried to link negotiations for continued peace between France and England with the war in Scotland. In France had put together a fleet that was to take a French crusade to the Holy Land. However, Pope Benedict XII canceled the crusade because of the problems of the French, English, hundred years war essay, and Scots.
Instead it seemed to the English that the fleet would be used to invade England. While there was no invasion of England, hundred years war essay, the fleet did conduct raids on parts of the English coast and convinced the English that war with the French was coming. The war began with the French invading Aquitaine in The French fleet continued raiding the English coast. The English were finally able to defeat the French fleet at Sluys inwhich gave the English control of the English Channel, making it easier for them to move troops to France. During this time Edward made alliances with the Low Countries and the German emperor and arranged to have his soldiers join theirs for a campaign against the French.
However the date for the campaign kept being delayed until The Flemish joined with Edward, who had himself crowned king of France on January 26, While the English laid siege to the town of Tournai, the French moved against the allied army but did not engage it. The war shifted to Brittany in with the death of the French duke. Succession to the title was disputed and the English took the chance to support the side the French king opposed. Neither side was able to gain the upper hand and control of the entire province. The fighting continued for several years to come. In a truce was called, lasting until hundred years war essay Edward decided to conduct the campaign in with an English army and not rely on his allies for soldiers.
Marching first to the Seine River and then along it toward Paris, the English army raided the countryside and towns as it marched. The French had destroyed most of the bridges across the Seine River and had a chance to trap the English army but instead allowed the English to cross the river and march away. The French would have the same chance again when the English army reached the Somme River and again the French allowed the English to cross the river and escape. Edward finally stopped retreating and chose the area around Crécy hundred years war essay give battle to the French on August 26, Edward picked an easily defended spot that forced the French to attack him uphill. He also deployed his archers to have a clear field of fire against the advancing French.
The French arrived on the battlefield late in the day, hundred years war essay, yet chose to attack instead of waiting until the next day. The French also did not attempt to organize a massed attack against the English; instead, they attacked as they arrived on the battlefield, thus leading to approximately 15 independent assaults on the English position. The English archers cut down each assault with few of the French knights actually reaching the English men at arms. French casualties were estimated at over 1, knights and nobles and up to 20, infantry and crossbowmen. English casualties were about men. With his victory, Edward moved against Calais, which he laid siege to in September and captured in August The next several years would see only minor fighting, and even a truce for a short time.
Philip VI died in August and John II became the new French king. Under the new king, the French and English engaged in peace negotiations, but these were broken off in by the French. The English responded to the break in negotiations by launching raids into France. Launching from Bordeaux, he marched his army toward the Loire River but turned back before crossing the river. As he moved back to Bordeaux, he was blocked by a French army led by King John at Poitiers. On September 19, using the terrain to his advantage, the Black Prince was able to defeat the French using the terrain and his archers to cut down the attacking French, hundred years war essay. More important was the capture of the French king by the English.
With his capture, the French found themselves in a civil war between the dauphin and Charles of Navarre over who should control France. In Edward brought an army to France in an attempt to capture Reims. When he was unable to capture the city, he considered marching on several other cities, including Paris, but in the end decided to return to England. The English and French signed a treaty on May 8,that released King John from English captivity and recognized English sovereignty over Calais, Ponthieu, Poitoum, and Aquitaine. Also part of the treaty was a clause where Edward agreed to stop calling himself the king of France.
It looked as if the English had won the war. Even with the peace treaty in place, the French and English continued fighting on a low level. This included the French civil war, which did not end until May with the defeat of Charles of Navarre. The French and English also found themselves on opposite sides of the fighting in Castile where the English, under the command of the Black Prince, prevailed. Unfortunately the fighting forced the Black Prince to raise taxes in Aquitaine. The people of Aquitaine then appealed to the French king, Charles V who had become king in when his father, John, had died. Therefore in November Charles V declared the English land confiscated again. Edward tried to negotiate a settlement with Charles, but when that failed Edward again declared himself king of France and the two countries were at war with each other again.
The French made significant gains in recovering territory they had given up in They were even able to launch raids on the English coast, whose defenses had been neglected after the peace treaty in This raised concerns that the French might actually invade England. In response, the English launched raids on cities they thought the French might use to stage their invasion. By the end of English actions had eliminated the possibility of a French invasion. Over the next several years hundred years war essay English would continue to launch raids into the French-controlled territory, but they also lost territory to the French, hundred years war essay. In Edward the Black Prince died; in the following year,Edward III also died.
Small scale fighting continued through the s until both sides agreed upon a truce in June The truce would last, with the usual intermittent raiding, until Starting in the early s the French gave support to Scotland and Wales in their struggle against the English, hundred years war essay. They also launched several raids against English ports. However the French king, Charles VI, who came to power insuffered from insanity. Because of this, he was unable to keep his nobles controlled and ina civil war broke out between the Orléanists and Burgundians, hundred years war essay. Both sides asked the English for aid.
In Henry V was crowned king of England. While his father, Henry IV, had provided some support to the Burgundians, Henry V determined to take full advantage of the chaos in France. Thus in an English army of 12, men invaded France. Landing in Normandy, Henry first laid siege to the town of Harfleur, which took over a month to capture. Henry lost about half his men during the siege. Henry then decided to march over land to Calais. Henry left his siege equipment behind so he could move fast.
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It looked as if the English had won the war. Even with the peace treaty in place, the French and English continued fighting on a low level. This included the French civil war, which did not end until May with the defeat of Charles of Navarre. The French and English also found themselves on opposite sides of the fighting in Castile where the English, under the command of the Black Prince, prevailed. Unfortunately the fighting forced the Black Prince to raise taxes in Aquitaine. The people of Aquitaine then appealed to the French king, Charles V who had become king in when his father, John, had died.
Therefore in November Charles V declared the English land confiscated again. Edward tried to negotiate a settlement with Charles, but when that failed Edward again declared himself king of France and the two countries were at war with each other again. The French made significant gains in recovering territory they had given up in They were even able to launch raids on the English coast, whose defenses had been neglected after the peace treaty in This raised concerns that the French might actually invade England. In response, the English launched raids on cities they thought the French might use to stage their invasion.
By the end of English actions had eliminated the possibility of a French invasion. Over the next several years the English would continue to launch raids into the French-controlled territory, but they also lost territory to the French. In Edward the Black Prince died; in the following year, , Edward III also died. Small scale fighting continued through the s until both sides agreed upon a truce in June The truce would last, with the usual intermittent raiding, until Starting in the early s the French gave support to Scotland and Wales in their struggle against the English. They also launched several raids against English ports. However the French king, Charles VI, who came to power in , suffered from insanity. Because of this, he was unable to keep his nobles controlled and in , a civil war broke out between the Orléanists and Burgundians.
Both sides asked the English for aid. In Henry V was crowned king of England. While his father, Henry IV, had provided some support to the Burgundians, Henry V determined to take full advantage of the chaos in France. Thus in an English army of 12, men invaded France. Landing in Normandy, Henry first laid siege to the town of Harfleur, which took over a month to capture. Henry lost about half his men during the siege. Henry then decided to march over land to Calais. Henry left his siege equipment behind so he could move fast. The French set out in pursuit of Henry with an army of 30, men. Although Henry was moving fast, even in the rain, he had trouble finding a crossing to get across the Somme River, which allowed the French to get ahead of him.
They chose the area near the castle of Agincourt to try to stop Henry. While the sides tried to negotiate a settlement, neither side was interested in budging from its position. On October 25, , the two sides fought the Battle of Agincourt. The French commander had originally wanted to fight a defensive battle since the English were short on supplies, but the French nobles convinced him to attack since they had a numerical superiority. The English took up a position with forests on either side of them. They had about 5, archers and only men at arms. The archers placed sharpened stakes in the ground in front of them as protection from the mounted French knights. The ground between the two armies was wet and freshly plowed, which made it hard to move across. The French nobles were unwilling to wait for the English to attack and eventually convinced the French commander to order an attack.
With the wet, plowed ground slowing them down, the French took terrible losses from the English archers. Approximately a third of the French troops were in the initial attack and most were either killed or captured. The next two attacks by the French were also thrown back by the English, although they did not meet the same fate as the first attack since they withdrew before being destroyed. Exact French losses are not known for sure, but estimates put their losses at 6,—8, men. There is also no exact record of English losses, but they were few compared to the French. This time he completed the conquest of the Normandy region. The Burgundians, still English allies, were able to gain the upper hand in their civil war and capture Paris.
One of the most amazing things that happened during this war is when Joan of Arc, a peasant with no military experience told Charles VII how to defeat the English. This could be considered a miracle to the French, especially since her strategy that the King of The Heavens delivered to her worked perfectly. Yet there is a downside to this story. When the Burgundians captured her Charles VII did very little for her, and she was eventually burned at the stake. In conclusion, this was a very interesting war of the Middle Ages.
Some could say that miracles even occurred. Overall, this was a very interesting era of European history, and nothing will be quite like it. Essay Examples on Hundred Years War. com, Oct 10, Accessed January 7, com , Oct Essay Examples on Hundred Years War Topics: France Joan Of Arc Middle Ages Military War. Essay, Pages 3 words. Get quality help now. Proficient in: France. Cite this page Essay Examples on Hundred Years War. Recent essay samples. Avoid submitting plagiarized assignments. In his army fought the King of Bohemia, the Duke of Lorraine, Duke of Flanders, the Duke of Alençon, and other nobles.
They brought large detachments of his vassals with them. As a result, at the beginning of the war, according to British historian, Anne Curry, the total number of soldiers reached the record figure of the Middle Ages — about thousand people. The English army numbered less, but at the same time was better organized. Army moved slowly, battles were not as bloody, big battles were rare and often it happened in fortified places — castles and towns. Of course, the main goal was to weaken the enemy, inflict as much damage as possible, to devastate their land, burn the crop on the vine, to burn houses of the peasants with the possibility to kill them as well. As a result, peasants could no longer pay taxes, and this damaged the trade system.
The first stage was from the declaration of war in till Best-organized England army won battle of Crecy. English King Edward III was interested in trading city of Bruges, Sluys, because this city was a major center of European trade. He brought together a large force in June Edward was going to take the harbor, as suddenly he got the news that the French captured the bay and a foothold there. Edward decided to attack the French fleet. Great sea-battle ended with a terrible defeat of France. Edward, seeing this, ordered the sails to be lowered and the ships to be turned so that the sun would be behind them.
For the English bore down upon them, and, grappling their ships together with hooks and chains, fought on deck with their battle-axes and swords as though they were on land. To a nation whose history is full of significant naval victories, the English triumph at Sluys is one of the first and tremendously important naval success. the English won the battle of Poitiers as well. Then every man gave room to the lords, and they alighted and did their reverence to the king, and so brought him and his son in peace and rest to the prince of Wales.
Accordingly, battle of Poitiers ended with a terrible defeat of France and the lost of John II, the French king, who after the Poitiers was in English captivity. This allowed the British to ruthlessly plunder the country. After that the people of France, the townspeople and peasants, decided to defend themselves. Chaos ruled, as many French nobles and armed force rampaged. Thieves and robbers rose up everywhere in the land. The Nobles despised and hated all others and took no thought for usefulness and profit of lord and men. They subjected and despoiled the peasants and the men of the villages.
Edward III invaded France. He wanted to take advantage of the chaos that ruled in France and seize the throne. He chose the city of Reims for the coronation. However, residents of Reims had time to prepare for his arrival, and were able to defend the city. French forced English King to negotiate with them. This forced Edward make peace in Brittany. England lost its vast possessions in the South-West of France because Edward had to abandon the Normandy, Touraine, Anjou and Maine; He also agreed reduce the French king, John II, for a million crowns. The second stage of the war was generally good for France. Even though French king Charles V oust the British with the help of masses, as it was said earlier, from the South-West of France Normandy, Touraine, Anjou and Maine , England still owned some large and strategically important ports on the French coast — Bordeaux, Bayonne, Brest, Cherbourg, Calais.
An armistice was signed in because of the extreme exhaustion on both sides. It did not solve any of the disputed issue of lands owning, making the continuation of the war. The third stage of the Hundred Years War is the shortest and most dramatic for France. After landing in the North of France the new British Army defeated the French at Agincourt , the independent existence of the kingdom of France was threatened. After this battle English King Henry V subdued about half of France and signed the agreement in Troyes , which resulted the unification of the English and French crowns under his authority.
The power and authority to govern and to control the public affairs of the said kingdom shall, during our lifetime, be vested in our son, King Henry, with the advice of the nobles and wise men who are obedient to us, and who have consideration for the advancement and honor of the said kingdom…. However, contract had not been so successful as it was expected, since Henry V suddenly died in at the age of 36 years, and Charles VI died two months later. Henry V, thus, could not accept the inheritance and be crowned the crown of France.
This fact gave an excuse to Philip the Good to withdraw from the treaty of Troyes agreement and go to Charles VII. France began a new phase of the war — the struggle for independence. Later Karl VII managed to win a number of military victories over the British and their French supporters and regain power. The British, however, continued to assert that they had rights to the French crown. Furthermore, the masses of France even more strongly than before fate intervened in the war. It has defined its character on the final fourth stage. By the end of fourth stage of the Hundred Years War France had expelled England from their territories.
For France it was a struggle to preserve the possibility of self-development and laying the foundations of the future of the nation-state. In a simple peasant girl, Joan of Arc ca. This victory inspired the people of France to believe in victory over the English. Joan left her house and went to Charles VII to become the head of the army and expel the English from France. She reached Chinon, where the Charles VII was. She was the head of the army because everyone believed that this extraordinary girl is going to save their homeland. Native intellect and sharp observation helped her to find the right way in the situation and quickly learn a simple military tactics of the time. Anne Curry, The Hundred Years War.
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